
Species Deutsch genetic species
Lernen Sie die Übersetzung für 'species' in LEOs Englisch ⇔ Deutsch Wörterbuch. Mit Flexionstabellen der verschiedenen Fälle und Zeiten ✓ Aussprache und. Zoos try to save some species by captive breeding. — Zoos versuchen, einige Arten durch Fortpflanzung in Gefangenschaft zu retten. A genus consists of several. Englisch-Deutsch-Übersetzungen für species im Online-Wörterbuch yacht-market.eu (Deutschwörterbuch). Übersetzung Englisch-Deutsch für species im PONS Online-Wörterbuch nachschlagen! Gratis Vokabeltrainer, Verbtabellen, Aussprachefunktion. Übersetzung für 'species' im kostenlosen Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch von LANGENSCHEIDT – mit Beispielen, Synonymen und Aussprache. Übersetzung für 'species' im kostenlosen Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch und viele weitere Deutsch-Übersetzungen. Übersetzung im Kontext von „a species“ in Englisch-Deutsch von Reverso Context: a new species.

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Dominant Species - Brettspiel - Review und Regelerklärung
Wale sind vom Aussterben bedroht. Der Gelbspötter gehört zu den besten Sängern. Können Sie sich vorstellen, dass sich hinter der Fassade des Palasts Zimmer verbergen und im Garten 30 Vogelarten und über teilweise sehr seltene Wildblumenarten zu finden sind? Management von Küstenressourcen und Erhalt der Judy Minx Biodiversität in der Karibik Bis zu 80 Prozent der Korallenriffe in der Karibik wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten zerstört: durch Flächenumwandlung, Überfischung, Wasserverschmutzung, invasive Arten wie den pazifischen Rotfeuerfisch und die Folgen des Klimawandels. Arten weltweit mit 50 Artendie im südlichen Afrika vorkommen. Art bevorzugt Filme 1970 niedrigere Temperaturen als die meisten anderen Arten der Unterfamilie Nabinae. English Because we need them Mythos Moers be successful Amazon.De/Mytv Registrieren reproducing to Parks And Recreation Stream English the species.
Kontakt www. Here the DNA comparison grossly overestimates the actual relationships between species. Hidan Naruto Wörterbücher. With over abstracts submitted, AQUA is promising to be the biggest international Aquaculture event this year. We are gaining new insights into the vocal communication systems in El Lobo. We can never see around the next bend, individually or as a species. Results Together with renowned specialist institutions and Meg Kinox.To, the project has specified indicator groups — large mammals or certain bird speciesfor example — which it has agreed at national level, along with methods for local-level monitoring. Diese sind entsprechend der EU-Klassifizierung eine bedrohte Art. All species except viruses are given a two-part name , a "binomial". The first part of a binomial is the genus to which the species belongs.
The second part is called the specific name or the specific epithet in botanical nomenclature , also sometimes in zoological nomenclature.
While the definitions given above may seem adequate, when looked at more closely they represent problematic species concepts. For example, the boundaries between closely related species become unclear with hybridisation , in a species complex of hundreds of similar microspecies , and in a ring species.
Also, among organisms that reproduce only asexually , the concept of a reproductive species breaks down, and each clone is potentially a microspecies.
Though none of these are entirely satisfactory definitions, scientists and conservationists need a species definition which allows them to work, regardless of the theoretical difficulties.
If species were fixed and clearly distinct from one another, there would be no problem, but evolutionary processes cause species to change continually, and to grade into one another.
Species were seen from the time of Aristotle until the 18th century as fixed categories that could be arranged in a hierarchy, the great chain of being.
In the 19th century, biologists grasped that species could evolve given sufficient time. Charles Darwin 's book On the Origin of Species explained how species could arise by natural selection.
That understanding was greatly extended in the 20th century through genetics and population ecology. Genetic variability arises from mutations and recombination , while organisms themselves are mobile, leading to geographical isolation and genetic drift with varying selection pressures.
Genes can sometimes be exchanged between species by horizontal gene transfer ; new species can arise rapidly through hybridisation and polyploidy ; and species may become extinct for a variety of reasons.
Viruses are a special case, driven by a balance of mutation and selection , and can be treated as quasispecies. Biologists and taxonomists have made many attempts to define species, beginning from morphology and moving towards genetics.
Early taxonomists such as Linnaeus had no option but to describe what they saw: this was later formalised as the typological or morphological species concept.
Ernst Mayr emphasised reproductive isolation, but this, like other species concepts, is hard or even impossible to test. Mayden recorded about 24 concepts, [7] and the philosopher of science John Wilkins counted A typological species is a group of organisms in which individuals conform to certain fixed properties a type , so that even pre-literate people often recognise the same taxon as do modern taxonomists.
This method was used as a "classical" method of determining species, such as with Linnaeus early in evolutionary theory.
However, different phenotypes are not necessarily different species e. Species named in this manner are called morphospecies.
In the s, Robert R. Sokal , Theodore J. Crovello and Peter Sneath proposed a variation on this, a phenetic species, defined as a set of organisms with a similar phenotype to each other, but a different phenotype from other sets of organisms.
A mate-recognition species is a group of sexually reproducing organisms that recognize one another as potential mates. In microbiology , genes can move freely even between distantly related bacteria, possibly extending to the whole bacterial domain.
DNA-DNA hybridisation is outdated, and results have sometimes led to misleading conclusions about species, as with the pomarine and great skua.
DNA barcoding has been proposed as a way to distinguish species suitable even for non-specialists to use. A phylogenetic or cladistic species is an evolutionarily divergent lineage, one that has maintained its hereditary integrity through time and space.
Molecular markers may be used to determine genetic similarities in the nuclear or mitochondrial DNA of various species.
Unlike the biological species concept, a cladistic species does not rely on reproductive isolation, so it is independent of processes that are integral in other concepts.
An evolutionary species, suggested by George Gaylord Simpson in , is "an entity composed of organisms which maintains its identity from other such entities through time and over space, and which has its own independent evolutionary fate and historical tendencies".
Wiley and Mayden state that they see the evolutionary species concept as "identical" to Willi Hennig 's species-as-lineages concept, and assert that the biological species concept, "the several versions" of the phylogenetic species concept, and the idea that species are of the same kind as higher taxa are not suitable for biodiversity studies with the intention of estimating the number of species accurately.
They further suggest that the concept works for both asexual and sexually-reproducing species. An ecological species is a set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources, called a niche, in the environment.
According to this concept, populations form the discrete phenetic clusters that we recognise as species because the ecological and evolutionary processes controlling how resources are divided up tend to produce those clusters.
A genetic species as defined by Robert Baker and Robert Bradley is a set of genetically isolated interbreeding populations.
This is similar to Mayr's Biological Species Concept, but stresses genetic rather than reproductive isolation.
An evolutionarily significant unit ESU or "wildlife species" [45] is a population of organisms considered distinct for purposes of conservation.
In palaeontology , with only comparative anatomy morphology from fossils as evidence, the concept of a chronospecies can be applied.
During anagenesis evolution, not necessarily involving branching , palaeontologists seek to identify a sequence of species, each one derived from the phyletically extinct one before through continuous, slow and more or less uniform change.
In such a time sequence, palaeontologists assess how much change is required for a morphologically distinct form to be considered a different species from its ancestors.
Viruses have enormous populations, are doubtfully living since they consist of little more than a string of DNA or RNA in a protein coat, and mutate rapidly.
All of these factors make conventional species concepts largely inapplicable. It is predicted that a viral quasispecies at a low but evolutionarily neutral and highly connected that is, flat region in the fitness landscape will outcompete a quasispecies located at a higher but narrower fitness peak in which the surrounding mutants are unfit, "the quasispecies effect" or the "survival of the flattest".
There is no suggestion that a viral quasispecies resembles a traditional biological species. The commonly used names for kinds of organisms are often ambiguous: "cat" could mean the domestic cat, Felis catus , or the cat family, Felidae.
Another problem with common names is that they often vary from place to place, so that puma, cougar, catamount, panther, painter and mountain lion all mean Puma concolor in various parts of America, while "panther" may also mean the jaguar Panthera onca of Latin America or the leopard Panthera pardus of Africa and Asia.
In contrast, the scientific names of species are chosen to be unique and universal; they are in two parts used together: the genus as in Puma , and the specific epithet as in concolor.
A species is given a taxonomic name when a type specimen is described formally, in a publication that assigns it a unique scientific name.
The description typically provides means for identifying the new species, differentiating it from other previously described and related or confusable species and provides a validly published name in botany or an available name in zoology when the paper is accepted for publication.
The type material is usually held in a permanent repository, often the research collection of a major museum or university, that allows independent verification and the means to compare specimens.
Books and articles sometimes intentionally do not identify species fully and use the abbreviation " sp. Canis sp. This commonly occurs when authors are confident that some individuals belong to a particular genus but are not sure to which exact species they belong, as is common in paleontology.
Authors may also use "spp. If scientists mean that something applies to all species within a genus, they use the genus name without the specific name or epithet.
The names of genera and species are usually printed in italics. However, abbreviations such as "sp. When a species' identity is not clear, a specialist may use "cf.
The abbreviations "nr. With the rise of online databases, codes have been devised to provide identifiers for species that are already defined, including:.
The naming of a particular species, including which genus and higher taxa it is placed in, is a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships and distinguishability of that group of organisms.
As further information comes to hand, the hypothesis may be confirmed or refuted. Sometimes, especially in the past when communication was more difficult, taxonomists working in isolation have given two distinct names to individual organisms later identified as the same species.
When two named species are discovered to be of the same species, the older species name is given priority and usually retained, and the newer name considered as a junior synonym, a process called synonymisation.
Dividing a taxon into multiple, often new, taxa is called splitting. Taxonomists are often referred to as "lumpers" or "splitters" by their colleagues, depending on their personal approach to recognising differences or commonalities between organisms.
The nomenclatural codes that guide the naming of species, including the ICZN for animals and the ICN for plants, do not make rules for defining the boundaries of the species.
Research can change the boundaries, also known as circumscription, based on new evidence. Species may then need to be distinguished by the boundary definitions used, and in such cases the names may be qualified with sensu stricto "in the narrow sense" to denote usage in the exact meaning given by an author such as the person who named the species, while the antonym sensu lato "in the broad sense" denotes a wider usage, for instance including other subspecies.
Other abbreviations such as "auct. Most modern textbooks make use of Ernst Mayr 's definition, [70] [71] known as the Biological Species Concept as a basis for further discussion on the definition of species.
It is also called a reproductive or isolation concept. This defines a species as [72]. It has been argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection.
It is difficult to define a species in a way that applies to all organisms. No one definition has satisfied all naturalists; yet every naturalist knows vaguely what he means when he speaks of a species.
Generally the term includes the unknown element of a distinct act of creation. A simple textbook definition, following Mayr's concept, works well for most multi-celled organisms , but breaks down in several situations:.
Species identification is made difficult by discordance between molecular and morphological investigations; these can be categorized as two types: i one morphology, multiple lineages e.
The evolutionary biologist James Mallet concludes that. Species gaps can be verified only locally and at a point of time. One is forced to admit that Darwin's insight is correct: any local reality or integrity of species is greatly reduced over large geographic ranges and time periods.
The species concept is further weakened by the existence of microspecies , groups of organisms, including many plants, with very little genetic variability, usually forming species aggregates.
Blackberries belong to any of hundreds of microspecies of the Rubus fruticosus species aggregate. The butterfly genus Heliconius contains many similar species.
The Hypsiboas calcaratus — fasciatus species complex contains at least six species of treefrog. Natural hybridisation presents a challenge to the concept of a reproductively isolated species, as fertile hybrids permit gene flow between two populations.
For example, the carrion crow Corvus corone and the hooded crow Corvus cornix appear and are classified as separate species, yet they hybridise freely where their geographical ranges overlap.
A ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which can sexually interbreed with adjacent related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end" populations in the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow between each "linked" population.
Ring species thus present a difficulty for any species concept that relies on reproductive isolation.
Proposed examples include the herring gull - lesser black-backed gull complex around the North pole, the Ensatina eschscholtzii group of 19 populations of salamanders in America, [] and the greenish warbler in Asia, [] but many so-called ring species have turned out to be the result of misclassification leading to questions on whether there really are any ring species.
Seven "species" of Larus gulls interbreed in a ring around the Arctic. Opposite ends of the ring: a herring gull Larus argentatus front and a lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus in Norway.
A greenish warbler , Phylloscopus trochiloides. Presumed evolution of five "species" of greenish warblers around Himalayas.
Species are subject to change, whether by evolving into new species, [] exchanging genes with other species, [] merging with other species or by becoming extinct.
The evolutionary process by which biological populations evolve to become distinct or reproductively isolated as species is called speciation.
This occurs most easily in allopatric speciation, where populations are separated geographically and can diverge gradually as mutations accumulate.
Reproductive isolation is threatened by hybridisation, but this can be selected against once a pair of populations have incompatible alleles of the same gene, as described in the Bateson—Dobzhansky—Muller model.
Horizontal gene transfer between organisms of different species, either through hybridisation , antigenic shift , or reassortment , is sometimes an important source of genetic variation.
Viruses can transfer genes between species. Bacteria can exchange plasmids with bacteria of other species, including some apparently distantly related ones in different phylogenetic domains , making analysis of their relationships difficult, and weakening the concept of a bacterial species.
Louis-Marie Bobay and Howard Ochman suggest, based on analysis of the genomes of many types of bacteria, that they can often be grouped "into communities that regularly swap genes", in much the same way that plants and animals can be grouped into reproductively isolated breeding populations.
Bacteria may thus form species, analogous to Mayr's biological species concept, consisting of asexually reproducing populations that exchange genes by homologous recombination.
A species is extinct when the last individual of that species dies, but it may be functionally extinct well before that moment.
It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth, some five billion species, are now extinct. Some of these were in mass extinctions such as those at the ends of the Ordovician , Devonian , Permian , Triassic and Cretaceous periods.
Mass extinctions had a variety of causes including volcanic activity , climate change , and changes in oceanic and atmospheric chemistry, and they in turn had major effects on Earth's ecology, atmosphere, land surface and waters.
The resulting single species has been termed as a " compilospecies ". Biologists and conservationists need to categorise and identify organisms in the course of their work.
Difficulty assigning organisms reliably to a species constitutes a threat to the validity of research results, for example making measurements of how abundant a species is in an ecosystem moot.
Conservation laws in many countries make special provisions to prevent species from going extinct. Hybridization zones between two species, one that is protected and one that is not, have sometimes led to conflicts between lawmakers, land owners and conservationists.
One of the classic cases in North America is that of the protected northern spotted owl which hybridizes with the unprotected California spotted owl and the barred owl ; this has led to legal debates.
It has been argued, too, that since species are not comparable, counting them is not a valid measure of biodiversity ; alternative measures of phylogenetic biodiversity have been proposed.
These terms were translated into Latin as "genus" and "species", though they do not correspond to the Linnean terms thus named; today the birds are a class , the cranes are a family , and the crows a genus.
A kind was distinguished by its attributes ; for instance, a bird has feathers, a beak, wings, a hard-shelled egg, and warm blood. A form was distinguished by being shared by all its members, the young inheriting any variations they might have from their parents.
Aristotle believed all kinds and forms to be distinct and unchanging. His approach remained influential until the Renaissance.
When observers in the Early Modern period began to develop systems of organization for living things, they placed each kind of animal or plant into a context.
Many of these early delineation schemes would now be considered whimsical: schemes included consanguinity based on colour all plants with yellow flowers or behaviour snakes, scorpions and certain biting ants.
John Ray , an English naturalist, was the first to attempt a biological definition of species in , as follows:.
No surer criterion for determining species has occurred to me than the distinguishing features that perpetuate themselves in propagation from seed.
Thus, no matter what variations occur in the individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as to distinguish a species Animals likewise that differ specifically preserve their distinct species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa.
In the 18th century, the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus classified organisms according to shared physical characteristics, and not simply based upon differences.
This view was influenced by European scholarly and religious education, which held that the categories of life are dictated by God, forming an Aristotelian hierarchy, the scala naturae or great chain of being.
However, whether or not it was supposed to be fixed, the scala a ladder inherently implied the possibility of climbing. In viewing evidence of hybridisation, Linnaeus recognised that species were not fixed and could change; he did not consider that new species could emerge and maintained a view of divinely fixed species that may alter through processes of hybridisation or acclimatisation.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck , in his Zoological Philosophy , described the transmutation of species , proposing that a species could change over time, in a radical departure from Aristotelian thinking.
In , Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace provided a compelling account of evolution and the formation of new species.
Darwin argued that it was populations that evolved, not individuals, by natural selection from naturally occurring variation among individuals.
Darwin concluded that species are what they appear to be: ideas, provisionally useful for naming groups of interacting individuals, writing:.
I look at the term species as one arbitrarily given for the sake of convenience to a set of individuals closely resembling each other It does not essentially differ from the word variety, which is given to less distinct and more fluctuating forms.
The term variety, again, in comparison with mere individual differences, is also applied arbitrarily, and for convenience sake. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Redirected from Cohesion species. Basic unit of taxonomic classification. For other uses, see Species disambiguation. Main article: Chronospecies. Main article: Viral quasispecies.
Main article: Species description. Main article: Lumpers and splitters. Main article: Sensu. Main article: Species problem. The willow warbler and chiffchaff are almost identical in appearance but do not interbreed.
Main article: Species complex. Main article: Hybrid biology. Carrion crow. Hybrid with dark belly. Main article: Ring species. Main article: Speciation.
Main article: Horizontal gene transfer. Further information: Extinction and Extinction event. Main article: Aristotle's biology.
Main article: Great chain of being. The New York Times. Retrieved 25 January Associated Press. BBC News. Scientific American.
Archived from the original on 14 March Retrieved 14 March Systematic Zoology. Claridge, M. A hierarchy of species concepts: the denouement of the species problem.
Systematics Association. Kingfisher Books. New York: W. Evolutionary Genetics. Oxford University Press. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.
Systematic Biology. Vrba, E. Monograph No. Species and Speciation. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum. In Calow, P. Encyclopaedia of Ecology and Environmental Management.
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